Gender Equality And Women Empowerment: A Comparative Study Of Bangladesh, India And Sri Lanka Based On Women Representation And Participation In Politics

Gender Equality And Women Empowerment: A Comparative Study Of Bangladesh, India And Sri Lanka Based On Women Representation And Participation In Politics

Book Code: 1111033400326

Dr. Deepika Mann

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*The Title 'Gender Equality and Women Empowerment: A comparative Study of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka based on Women Representation and Participation in Politics written/authored/edited by Deepika Mann', published in the year 2024. The ISBN 9789364337816 is assigned to the Hardcover version of this title. This book has total of pp. 250 (Pages). The publisher of this title is Gyan Publishing House. This Book is in English. The subject of this book is Women Empowerment. Size of the book is 14.34 x 22.59 cms.

Year:

2024

Language:

English

Publisher:

Gyan Publishing House

Pages:

250

Book Category:

pub

Subject:

Women Empowerment

Untitled Document

ABOUT THE BOOK

This work delves into the ideological and structural factors that underpin gender inequality largely within the patriarchal societies of Asia such as India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It shows how all forms of discrimination against women are justified through cultural, religious and other social values that deny women’s opportunity to occupy positions of power within society, politics, decision-making organisations and even economic upper management. It also gives great importance to the vectors of gendered culture and the need to address those issues essential for women’s emancipation.

The other discussed theme concerns the need for women’s political participation for equality, development, and peace, and democracy. The text also highlights the importance of women’s participation in decision-making processes so that the current society will be more representative. It also speaks about demands for women’s liberation for them to be able to assume the responsibility of changes in their lives and claiming rights from the state and the society. Besides, it addresses the challenges women face in attaining leadership roles despite gains in literacy and educational attainment, pointing towards the persistence of gender disparities in positions of power

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Deepika Mann is an assistant professor with a focus on international relations and political science. Dr. Mann's strong dedication to gender equality is demonstrated by her certification as a specialist in women's empowerment. Dr. Mann has a strong interest in academic research and has written important books as well as contributions to several books, journals, and websites covering a broad range of newly important worldwide issues.Her research skills are further emphasized in published publications in Scopus and this brings out the dimension and quality of her work.
Apart from her scholarly work, Dr.Mann has made it a point to update her learning through various certification Programmes.Thus, in the process of her scholarship attainment, Dr. Mann has supported continuing education in terms of different certificates other than scholarly ones. She is a good communicator and has transformed her observation into scholar’s discourse; presenting papers at national and global levels.

CONTENTS
Abstract ............................................... .................................................................13
List of Tables .........................................................................................................15
List of Figures  ..................................... ..................................................................17
List of Symbols and Abbreviations ........ .................................................................19
1. Introduction ................................... .................................................................21
1.1   PREFACE ................................... ..................................................................21
1.2   GENDER EQUALITY ................. .................................................................23
1.3   CONCEPT OF GENDER EQUALITY ........................................................24
1.4   EMERGENCE OF CONSTRUCTIVIST INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 26
1.4.1 Gender and the Constructivist Perspective .....................................................26
1.4.2 Gender as a Social Construct and Contested Gender Norms ..........................27
1.5   INTERNATIONAL FACILITATORS ..........................................................28
1.5.1 Concepts of Leadership in Public Relations ....................................................29
1.5.2 Gender Gap Among Leaders in Public Relations ............................................30
1.6   WOMEN AND POLITICS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ...........................30
1.6.1 Global Women’s Movement .......................................................................... 31
1.6.2 Empowering Women is a Long-Term Agenda of the
Region’s Social Transformation ..............................................................................32

1.6.3 Political Opportunities and Critical Junctures for Women’s Empowerment ......33
1.7   WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THEORY ...................................................34
1.7.1 Different Dimensions of Women's Empowerment ...........................................36
1.8   THE NATIONAL POLICY FOR WOMEN’S ADVANCEMENT (NPWA) 41
1.9   DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SOUTH ASIA ..........................................42
1.10 OVERVIEW OF SOUTH ASIAN POLITICS .............................................43
1.11 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN SOUTH ASIA .....................................44
1.12 GENDER DISPARITY IN SOUTH ASIA ...................................................46
1.13 ANALYSIS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN SOUTH ASIAN
COUNTRIES (INDIA, BANGLADESH, AND SRI-LANKA) ............................. 47
1.13.1 Women Empowerment in India ....................................................................48
1.13.2 Women Empowerment in Bangladesh ..........................................................49
1.13.3 Women Empowerment in Sri Lanka ............................................................ 50
1.14 CHALLENGES STILL FACING WOMEN IN ASIA ..................................51
1.15 POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN SOUTH ASIA ................................................52
1.16 ISSUES CONCERNING WOMEN AT THE
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ................................................................................. 52
1.17 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF REPRESENTATION
OF OMEN IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ...................................... .54
1.18 MOTIVATION .............................................................................................54
1.19 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .................................................................... .55
1.20 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................... ..56
2. Literature Review ..........................................................................................59
2.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... ..59
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. ..61
2.3 WOMEN AS POLITICAL CREATORS ...................................................... .61
2.4 WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS IN INDIA, SRI
LANKA AND BANGLADESH ...........................................................................64
2.4.1 Gender-related Data of Countries with Women
Political Leadership ............................................................................................... .68

2.4.2 Electoral Performance of Women Politicians   ................................................69
2.4.3 Women Political Representation in Countries
with Elections .........................................................................................................74
2.4.4 General Patterns of Women Political Participation
in Asia ...................................................................................................................75
2.5 IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN’S POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................77
2.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................81
2.6.1 Violent Conflict, Sexual Violence and War .................................................. ..81
2.6.2 Electoral Contests: Voter Intimidation, Persecution,
Arbitrary Arrests and Assassinations .......................................................................82
2.6.3 Institutional factors: party politics ..................................................................83
2.6.4 Cultural and Traditional Norms .....................................................................83
2.6.5 Economic Factors ........................................................................................83
2.7 EDUCATION MAJOR ROLE IN WOMEN
REPRESENTATION .......................................................................................... ..84
2.7.1 Women Empowerment through Education ....................................................84
2.7.2 Educational equality .....................................................................................86
2.8   SOUTH ASIA, POST-COLD WAR AND POLITICAL    VIOLENCE .......87
2.9   SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ................................................88
2.10 GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT:
CONCEPT, RELATIONSHIP AND UNDERSTANDING ................................. .91
2.10.1 Women's Empowerment Strategies According to
the Political Perspective ........................................................................................ ..94
2.11 PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT ...............................................................................................96
2.12 CHALLENGES TO WOMEN PARTICIPATION ......................................100
2.12.1 Discrimination .............................................................................................101
2.12.2 Illiteracy .....................................................................................................104

2.13 OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATION .................................105
3. Methodology ..................................................................................................109
3.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................109
3.2   ASSESSMENT OF SAARC’S GENDER FRAMEWORK .........................111
3.2.1   Recommendations ......................................................................................112
3.2.2   Most Significant Changes Made in the Lives
of Women Beneficiaries .........................................................................................113
3.3   REDUCING THE GAP IN UNDERSTANDING THREE
COUNTRIES (INDIA, SRILANKA, AND BANGLADESH)
GENDER GAP .....................................................................................................114
3.4 WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP AND DECISION MAKING ...........................116
3.5   INTERNATIONAL NORMS OF WOMEN IN POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................118
3.5.1 Fast-Tracking Gender Equality ......................................................................118
3.6   SDGS AND GENDER EQUALITY .............................................................121
3.7   CULTURAL, TRADITIONAL AND RELIGIOUS
BARRIERS TO WOMEN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
(WPP) IN THREE COUNTRIES ......................................................................... 121
3.7.1 Indian Social Constructivism and Feminism ....................................................122
3.7.1.1 Violence against women .............................................................................122
3.7.1.2 Sexuality and the politics of gender ............................................................. 124
3.7.2 Bangladesh Social Constructivism and Feminism .............................................125
3.7.2.1 Cultural hurdles ..........................................................................................125
3.7.2.2 Family restrictions ......................................................................................126
3.7.2.3 Political violence against women .................................................................126
3.7.3 Sri-Lanka Social Constructivism and Feminism ..............................................126
3.7.3.1 Political culture ............................................................................................127
3.7.3.2 Violence against women in Sri-Lanka ......................................................... 128
3.7.3.3 Barriers of Finance to women enter in politics
Sri-Lanka ..............................................................................................................128

3.8   EDUCATION EMPOWERMENT ...............................................................129
3.9   MODEL SPECIFICATION ......................................................................... 130
4. India ................................................................................................................ 135
4.1   INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................135
4.1.1 Women Empowerment of Political Representation
in South Asia ........................................................................................................136
4.2   INDIA .......................................................................................................... 136
4.2.1 Historical Background of Women Empowerment
in India .................................................................................................................138
4.2.2 Factors Affecting the Position of Women in India ...........................................140
4.2.3 Political Values .............................................................................................142
4.2.4 Status of Women in India ..............................................................................143
4.2.5 Steps Undertaken in India for Women Empowerment ....................................144
4.2.5.1 Sixth five-year plan paradigm .....................................................................144
4.2.5.2 Formation of women and development
department in MHRD ............................................................................................145
4.2.5.3 National perspective plan for women .......................................................... 145
4.2.5.4 India ratified the CEDAW convention .........................................................145
4.2.5.5 Formation of national commission for women ...............................................146
4.2.5.6 Constitutional amendment for reservation of
seats for women in PRIs .........................................................................................146
4.2.5.7 Commitment to MDGs-Goal 3 ...................................................................146
4.2.5.8 Women empowerment policy ..................................................................... 147
4.2.5.9 Adoption of gender budget .........................................................................147
4.2.5.10 Adoption of SDGs-Goal 5 ....................................................................... 148
4.2.6 Women Representation in Indian Politics ....................................................... 148
4.2.7 Women Representation in Indian Politics ....................................................... 149
4.2.8 Women in Contemporary India .....................................................................150
4.3 SDG GOALS BY INDIA ..............................................................................152
5. Srilanka and Bangladesh ...............................................................................155

5.1   PREFACE ....................................................................................................155
5.2   SRILANKA ..................................................................................................155
5.2.1 Formal Justice System for Women in Sri Lanka ............................................ 157
5.2.2 Women Empowerment and Representation in
Sri-Lanka ..............................................................................................................157
5.2.3 Representation of Sri-Lanka Women in Politics ............................................158
5.2.4 Women Democracy Network in Sri-Lanka ..................................................160
5.2.5 Strategies Adopted by Women’s Organizations ............................................161
5.2.6 Gender Quotas’ Role in Increasing Women’s
Political Representation .........................................................................................162
5.2.7 Towards a More Inclusive Sri Lanka by Increasing
Women’s Political Influence ...................................................................................163
5.3   SDG GOALS BY SRILANKA .....................................................................163
5.4   BANGLADESH ........................................................................................... 166
5.4.1 Bangladesh Government in Politics ............................................................... 167
5.4.2 Women Representation in Politics (Bangladesh) ............................................168
5.4.3 Women’s Condition in Bangladesh ...............................................................170
5.4.4 Socio Economic Development and Women
Empowerment in Bangladesh ..................................................................................171
5.5   SDG GOALS BY BANGLADESH ..............................................................172
6. Comparative Study ...........................................................................................177
6.1   INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................177
6.2   COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BANGLDESH,
INDIA AND SRI LANKA. ..................................................................................178
6.3   ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN LEGISLATURES .........................................182
6.4   PERCEPTION ABOUT WOMEN’S POLITICS .........................................185
6.5   PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL LIFE .................................................186
6.6   PRESENT TRENDS IN PROMOTING WOMEN’S
PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................186
6.7   GENDER POLITICS ...................................................................................187

6.8   COMPARISON OF SOLIDARITY BETWEEN WOMEN
POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES .....................................................................188
6.9   VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................189
6.10 ANALYSIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY ..................................................189
• Global Gap Index: ..............................................................................................191
• Gender Inequality Index .....................................................................................191
• Global Gender Gap Political Empowerment Sub index ........................................191
• Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) .....................................................................192
6.11. COMPARISON OF GENDER-RELATED
DEVELOPMENT INDEX ....................................................................................193
6.12 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................198
6.13 CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................198
6. Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation .....................................................199
7.1   FINDING ISSUES FROM THE STUDY .....................................................201
7.2   OVERALL CHANGES IN THE SUSTAINABILITY
INDEX AS
PER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 2022   .....................................202
7.3   STRATEGIES FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
IN POLITICS .......................................................................................................203
7.4   ROLE OF GLOBAL POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
IN EMPOWERING WOMEN .............................................................................204
7.5   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ................................................................205
7.6   AREA OF FUTURE RESEARCH ................................................................206
Reference ..............................................................................................................207

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Gender Equality And Women Empowerment: A Comparative Study Of Bangladesh, India And Sri Lanka Based On Women Representation And Participation In Politics